Evaluation of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Condensation and Desublimation over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on Penman Model Using Hourly ERA5-Land and ERA5 Reanalysis Datasets

Condensation and desublimation are important processes of nocturnal land–atmosphere interactions, energy transfer, the water cycle, have ecological hydrological roles in mitigating physiological deficits caused by low temperatures reducing risk frost damage to plants, animals, microorganisms near surface Alpine Region. The aim present study is evaluate spatial temporal variations condensation from 1950 2020 based on Penman model using hourly ERA5-Land ERA5 reanalysis datasets Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), where occur frequently but lack quantitative evaluation. results showed that: (1) a decreasing trend southeast northwest, with annual mean ranging 0 mm 72.8 mm, while regional enrichment rather than zonal variation, 23.6 mm; (2) At 95% confidence level, significant increasing central western QTP, most regions was more obvious condensation; (3) Both seasonal characteristics; maximum monthly 2.37 0.70 1.45 0.95 (4) 8.45 an 0.24 mm/10a, 11.45 −0.26 total 19.89 weak QTP; (5) increase associated precipitation, decrease air temperature QTP.